Situation

Approach

Advantage

Drawback

There is a lack of information or inaccurate information and analysis

Education + communications

Once persuaded, people will often help with the implementation of the change

Can be very time - consuming if lots of people are involved

The initiators do not have all the information they need to design the change, and where others have considerable power to resist

Participation + involvement

People who participate will be committed to implementing change, and any relevant information they have will be integrated into the change plan

Can be very time - consuming if participators design an inappropriate change

People are resisting because of adjustment problems

Facilitation + support

No other approach works as well with adjustment problems

Can be time - consuming, expensive and still fail

Someone or some group will clearly lose out in a change, and that group has considerable power to resist

Negotiation + agreement

Sometimes it is a relatively easy way to avoid major resistance

Can be too expensive in many cases if it alerts others to negotiate

Other tactics will not work, or are too expensive

Manipulation + co-optation

It can be relatively quick and an inexpensive solution to resistance problems

Can lead to future problems if people feel manipulated

Speed is essential, and the change initiators possess considerable power

Explicit + implicit coercion

It is speedy, and can overcome any kind of resistance

Can be risky if it leaves people angry at the initiators